Issuer
Issuing bankNetworks & roles
The bank or financial institution that issues a card to the cardholder. Issuers fund authorized transactions, file chargebacks on behalf of disputing cardholders, and are responsible for cardholder authentication (3DS, SCA). The issuer is identified by the card's BIN.
In practice.
The issuer is the bank on the other side of every transaction: it approves or declines, applies SCA, and files chargebacks on behalf of its cardholder. Approval optimization is largely about looking trustworthy to thousands of issuers at once, through clean data, correct flags and sensible retries.
Networks & roles